expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

aquaporin-2

DEFINITION:

Also called WCH-CD, this water channel makes the principal cells of the inner medullary collecting duct in the kidneys more permeable to water. Lack of functional aquaporin-2 gene leads to a rare form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

renal

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to the kidney.

aquaporins

DEFINITION:

A family of membrane channel proteins that serve as selective pores through which water crosses the plasma membranes of many human tissues and cell types.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

phosphorylated AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

urinary concentration

DEFINITION:

The increase in strength of urine by evaporation.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

immunoblotting

DEFINITION:

See immunoblots .

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

inner medullary

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to or situated in the inner medulla.

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

AQP4

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-4.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

proximal tubule

DEFINITION:

See proximal convoluted tubule or proximal straight tubule under tubule .

immunocytochemistry

DEFINITION:

The biochemistry of cellular immunology.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

AQP4

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-4.

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

contralateral

DEFINITION:

Situated on, pertaining to, or affecting the opposite side, as opposed to ipsilateral.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

immunoblotting

DEFINITION:

See immunoblots .

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

inner medulla

DEFINITION:

Inner medulla of kidney: inner zone of renal medulla.

outer medulla

DEFINITION:

See outer medulla of kidney.

cortex

DEFINITION:

The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance.

expression

DEFINITION:

1. The aspect or appearance of the face (or surface of a cell) as determined by the physical or emotional state.

2. The act of squeezing or evacuating by pressure; a term used in pharmacy, surgery, and obstetrics.

3. The detectable effect of a gene.

4. A representation of value, relation, or the like (e.g., ratio).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

urine osmolality

DEFINITION:

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution (in this case, urine) expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions: osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapor pressure lowering.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

regulation

DEFINITION:

1. The act of adjusting or state or being adjusted to a certain standard.
2. In biology, the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions.
3. The power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

immunoblotting

DEFINITION:

See immunoblots .

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

p-AQP2

DEFINITION:

Phosphorylated aquaporin-2.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

UUO

DEFINITION:

Abbreviation for unilateral ureteral obstruction.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

AQP4

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-4.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

AQPs

DEFINITION:

Aquaporins.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

AQP1

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-1.

kidney

DEFINITION:

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

compensatory

DEFINITION:

Making good a defect or loss; restoring a lost balance.

urine

DEFINITION:

The fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra. Urine, in health, has an amber color, a slight acid reaction, a peculiar odor, and a bitter, saline taste.

downregulation

DEFINITION:

A decrease in the number of receptors for a chemical or drug on cell surfaces in a given area, usually due to long-term exposure to the agent. (Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 29th edition)

Downregulation of aquaporin 2: The number of aquaporin 2 water channels will be decreased, i.e., regulated to a lower number of channels expressed on the luminal membrane (D. Bichet).

Downregulation of AQP2 means that there are many conditions with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (vasopressin-resistent polyuria) which result in a reduction in the levels of AQP2 protein in the collecting duct cells. Since AQP2 is essential for reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lumen back to the circulation, the absence or reduced levels of AQP2 (downregulation) results in the development of polyuria. Thus the conditions associated with this downregulation of AQP2 share many common features with the inherited forms of NDI (with mutations in vasopressin V2 receptor) since this condition is also associated with a reduced/absence of regulation of AQP2. This regulation is important for keeping the levels of AQP2 protein up, but it is also extremely important in regulating the trafficking of AQP2 from the reservoir in small vesicles to the apical plasma membrane (its active site for water reabsorption—the site where the water channel faces the water to be reabsorbed). This is why the studies of the very common acquired forms of NDI are very important in connection with inherited NDI (the shared elements of regulation or rather dysregulation) (S. Nielsen).

AQPs

DEFINITION:

Aquaporins.

BB rats

DEFINITION:

Brattleboro rats, a strain that serves as a model of diabetes insipidus (L. Brown). Brattleboro rats have a mutation in the gene that codes for vasopressin and its sister protein neurophysin. Thus, they produce no vasopressin and can be said to have “central diabetes insipidus” (M. Knepper).

vasopressin

DEFINITION:

1. One of two octapeptide hormones formed by the neuronal cells of the hypothalamic nuclei and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), the other being oxytocin. It stimulates the contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arterioles, raising the blood pressure. It promotes contraction of the intestinal musculature and increases peristalsis, and also exerts some contractile influence on the uterus. It also has a specific effect on the epithelial cells of the distal portion of the uriniferous tubule, augmenting resorption of water independently of solutes, resulting in concentration of urine and dilution of blood serum. Its rate of secretion is regulated chiefly by the osmolarity of the plasma.

2. [USP], A pharmaceutical preparation of the same principle, prepared synthetically or obtained from the posterior pituitary of healthy domestic animals used for food by man; used mainly as an antidiuretic in the treatment of acute or chronic diabetes insipidus, administered intramuscularly as a test of hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal function in distinguishing central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus; it may also be used to stimulate smooth muscle tissue, especially to induce vasoconstriction in the presence of hemorrhage. Called also antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

AQP2

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-2.

AQP3

DEFINITION:

Aquaporin-3.

regulation

DEFINITION:

1. The act of adjusting or state or being adjusted to a certain standard.
2. In biology, the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions.
3. The power to form a whole embryo from stages before the gastrula.

kidneys

DEFINITION:

A pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in man are bean-shaped organs about 4-1/2 inches long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into a main cavity whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

permission

DEFINITION:

Formal consent; authorization.